Anuradhapura is a significant heritage city in Sri Lanka, renowned for its well-preserved ruins of an ancient Sri Lankan civilization. It was the first capital of Sri Lanka, established in the 4th century BCE, and remained a center of Theravada Buddhism for many centuries. The city is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982 due to its historical and cultural significance, attracting visitors from around the world.

Key attractions in Anuradhapura include:

1. Sri Maha Bodhi: This sacred fig tree is believed to be a sapling from the original Bodhi tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. It was planted in 288 BCE, making it one of the oldest historically documented trees in the world.
2. Ruwanwelisaya: A magnificent stupa built by King Dutugemunu in 140 BCE. It is one of the most significant monuments in Anuradhapura and a symbol of Sinhalese Buddhist civilization.
3. Jetavanaramaya: Once the world’s tallest stupa, this massive brick structure was built by King Mahasena in the 3rd century CE. It is still one of the largest brick structures in the world.
4. Thuparamaya: Considered to be the first stupa built in Sri Lanka after the introduction of Buddhism, Thuparamaya houses the collarbone relic of the Buddha.
5. Abhayagiri Dagaba: Another large stupa built by King Valagamba in the 1st century BCE, it was part of a major monastic complex.
6. Kuttam Pokuna (Twin Ponds): These ancient bathing tanks, built in the 6th century CE, showcase the advanced engineering and artistic skills of the time.
7. Sandakada Pahana(Moonstone): also known as the Moonstone, is a significant architectural element found in ancient Sri Lankan Buddhist temples, particularly in the Anuradhapura period. Here are some key points about the Sandakada Pahana
   • The Sandakada Pahana is a semi-circular stone slab, typically placed at the entrance of Buddhist temples and monastic buildings. It serves as a threshold stone, positioned at the base of staircases leading to the sanctuaries. The carvings on the Moonstone are highly intricate and symbolic. The design is typically divided into concentric bands, each depicting different motifs:
     • Outer Band: Often features a ring of flames, symbolizing the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara).
     • Second Band: Depicts a procession of animals, usually elephants, horses, lions, and bulls. These animals represent the four states of existence in the cycle of samsara.
     • Third Band: Shows a scroll of intricate foliage, symbolizing desire and attachment.
     • Fourth Band: Often features swans, symbolizing purity and the ability to distinguish between good and evil.
8. Isurumuniya: Isurumuniya is a renowned rock temple in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, famous for its unique sculptures and historical significance. Here are some key points about Isurumuniya:
   • Founding: Isurumuniya was built during the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa (307-267 BCE). It is believed to have been constructed as a monastic complex for Buddhist monks.
   • Significance: The temple was originally part of the royal garden and was later converted into a monastery, housing 500 ordained children of high-caste families.
   • Isurumuniya Lovers: This famous sculpture depicts a man and a woman in an intimate pose. It is often interpreted as representing either a royal couple or a divine pair, though the exact identity is still debated

Anuradhapura is home to several ancient lakes (also called tanks or reservoirs) that were constructed for irrigation purposes and to support the city’s water needs. These lakes are marvels of ancient engineering and are integral to the region’s history and culture.

Key Lakes in Anuradhapura

1. Tissa Wewa:
   • Historical Significance: Built by King Devanampiya Tissa in the 3rd century BCE, Tissa Wewa is one of the oldest and most significant tanks in Anuradhapura.
   • Purpose: Primarily constructed for irrigation and to supply water to the city.
   • Features: It spans an area of approximately 550 acres and is surrounded by scenic beauty, making it a popular spot for both locals and tourists.
2. Nuwara Wewa:
   • Historical Significance: Constructed in the 1st century BCE by King Valagamba.
   • Purpose: Designed to provide a reliable water source for agricultural activities and the city’s inhabitants.
   • Features: Covers an area of around 3,200 acres and is one of the largest reservoirs in Anuradhapura. It has a well-maintained bund (embankment) and is crucial for the irrigation network in the area.
3. Basawakkulama (Abhaya Wewa):
   • Historical Significance: Built by King Pandukabhaya in the 4th century BCE, it is considered one of the oldest reservoirs in Sri Lanka.
   • Purpose: Served as a primary water source for the ancient city.
   • Features: Known for its historical importance and scenic surroundings. The tank is smaller compared to Tissa Wewa and Nuwara Wewa but plays a vital role in the region’s irrigation system.

Engineering and Cultural Importance

• Irrigation: These lakes are part of a sophisticated irrigation system that allowed Anuradhapura to thrive as an agricultural hub. The ancient engineers used advanced techniques to construct these reservoirs, ensuring a steady water supply throughout the year.
• Cultural Heritage: The tanks are not only functional but also hold cultural and religious significance. They are often located near temples and monasteries, highlighting their role in the daily lives of the ancient inhabitants.
• Environmental Impact: The lakes support a diverse ecosystem and are crucial for maintaining the region’s biodiversity. They provide habitats for various species of birds, fish, and other wildlife.

Modern Relevance

Today, these ancient lakes continue to serve the local communities, providing water for agriculture and daily use. They are also significant tourist attractions, drawing visitors who are interested in Sri Lanka’s rich history and natural beauty. Preservation and restoration efforts are ongoing to maintain these historical structures and their surrounding environments.

Anuradhapura is not only a place of historical and architectural significance but, also a living spiritual center, with ongoing religious practices and ceremonies that reflect the city’s enduring cultural heritage.